tion was even greater; perhaps there was a little less spontaneity, a little more of a pre-arranged air about it, but it was none the less hearty, none the less universal. Streets were filled with processions. Again all business was suspended, and the whole country, with the rest of the world, joined in the celebration.

At

Throughout the entire world, the nations gave themselves up to holiday. Strangely enough, the soldiers on the front were much more restrained in their joy than the civil populations. The armies fought to the last minute. eleven o'clock there was one great salvo from the guns, then the sharp order "Cease firing." The men stood still, as if numb with shock. They knew nothing of what was coming, most of them, then they broke into laughs as they learned that the war was over. The Germans sprang from their positions and began to shout and sing with joy, and wave white flags, beckoning to the allied soldiers to come over. Strict orders had been given, however, against fraternizing. The Americans, perhaps, showed more enthusiasm than the soldiers in the other armies. In their camps, the bands played, and the men marched in the streets, cheering and celebrating. Thousands of flags appeared suddenly, and among the English every soldier had a bit of color at the end of his rifle, or stuck to his belt. The joy in Belgium was even greater, and the bells rang out from the churches, the bands played, and the people crowded round their marching troops, dancing and singing, until the midnight chimes.

Thousands of Americans managed to get to Paris in time to join in the celebration there. The strict shackles of military organization could hardly keep the soldiers, or even the officers in hand. The military police in American uniforms were kept busy, but could not prevent America from having her part in the wonderful Paris celebration.

President Wilson made the announcement of the armistice before a joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives at 1 P. M., November 11th, in the Hall of the House of Representatives. The galleries were crowded with men and women whose names were familiar throughout all America.

Before going to the Capitol, the President had issued a proclamation to the people announcing the conclusion of hostilities and directed that the employees in the various Government Departments should be given a holiday. The proclamation reads as follows:

My Fellow-Countrymen: The armistice was signed this morning. Everything for which America fought has been accomplished. It will now be our fortunate duty to assist by example, by sober, friendly counsel, and by material aid in the establishment of just democracy throughout the world.

On November 10th, the Kaiser fled across the Dutch frontier, and took up his residence at Count Goddard Bentinck's Château of Amerongen. The Crown Prince also fled to Holland, and was interned at Mosterland. The Kaiser had resisted a demand for his abdication up to the last hour, and had attempted to prevent the armistice delegation from being sent to the French lines, but except by a group of his personal friends he found no support. The situation was hopeless. As he signed his abdication, he is reported to have said, "It may be for the good of Germany."

Germany was beaten to her knees and the iron rule of militarism was at an end. The great monarchy, with its sword-swinging Kaiser as ruler, became a republic, with a saddler-Ebert by name-at its head.

CHAPTER XXXVIII

WITH THE ARMY OF OCCUPATION

WITH the unconditional surrender of Bulgaria, the

W smashing of the Hindenburg line and the headlong

retreat of the German armies along the entire western front, the Teutonic coalition crumbled to ignominious defeat. Turkey met its disaster at the end of September and the beginning of October, when General Allenby captured Damascus, routed two Turkish armies and besieged Aleppo. Palestine had been overrun and Jerusalem had been taken. On October 26th, British cavalry and armored cars entered Aleppo and cut the important railroad artery between Constantinople and Bagdad. General Marshall on October 29th defeated the Turks at Kaleh Shergat and cut communications with Mosul. These operations resulted in the concluding of an armistice with Turkey on October 31, 1918. The armistice imposed upon Turkey follows:

THE TURKISH ARMISTICE

First-The opening of the Dardanelles and the Bosporus and access to the Black Sea. Allied occupation of the Dardanelles and Bosporus forts. Second-The positions of all mine fields, torpedo tubes and other obstructions in Turkish waters are to be indicated and assistance given to sweep or remove them, as may be required.

Third-All available information concerning mines in the Black Sea is to be communicated.

Fourth-All allied prisoners of war and Armenians, interned persons and prisoners, are to be collected in Constantinople and handed over unconditionally to the Allies.

Fifth-Immediate demobilization of the Turkish army, except such troops as are required for surveillance on the frontiers and for the maintenance of internal order; the number of effectives and their disposition to be determined later by the Allies, after consultation with the Turkish Government.

Sixth-The surrender of all vessels in Turkish waters or waters occupied by Turkey. These ships will be interned in such Turkish port or ports as may be directed, except such small vessels as are required for police and similar purposes in Turkish territorial waters.

Seventh-The Allies have the right to occupy any strategic point in the event of any situation arising which threatens the security of the Allies. Eighth-Free use by allied ships of all ports and anchorages now in Turkish occupation and denial of their use by the enemy. Similar conditions are to apply to Turkish mercantile shipping in Turkish waters for the purposes of trade and the demobilization of the army.

Ninth-Allied occupation of the Taurus Tunnel system.

Tenth-Immediate withdrawal of Turkish troops from Northern Persia to behind the pre-war frontier already has been ordered and will be carried out.

Eleventh-A part of Transcaucasia already has been ordered to be evacuated by Turkish troops. The remainder to be evacuated if required by the Allies after they have studied the situation.

Twelfth Wireless, telegraph, and cable stations to be controlled by the Allies. Turkish Government messages to be excepted.

Thirteenth-Prohibition against the destruction of any naval, military, or commercial material.

Fourteenth-Facilities are to be given for the purchase of coal, oil fuel, and naval material from Turkish sources, after the requirements of the country have been met. None of the above materials is to be exported.

Fifteenth-The surrender of all Turkish officers in Tripolitania and Cyrenica to the nearest Italian garrison. Turkey agrees to stop supplies to and communication with these officers if they do not obey the order to surrender.

Sixteenth-The surrender of all garrisons in Hedjaz, Assir, Yemen, Syria, and Mesopotamia to the nearest allied commander and withdrawal of Turkish troops from Cilicia, except those necessary to maintain order, as will be determined under Clause Five.

Seventeenth-The use of all ships and repair facilities at all Turkish ports and arsenals.

Eighteenth-The surrender of all ports occupied in Tripolitania and Cyrenica, including Misurata, to the nearest allied garrison.

Nineteenth-All Germans and Austrians, naval, military, or civilian, to be evacuated within one month from Turkish dominions, and those in remote districts as soon after that time as may be possible.

Twentieth-Compliance with such orders as may be conveyed for the disposal of equipments, arms, and ammunition, including the transport of that portion of the Turkish army which is demobilized under Clause Five. Twenty-first-An allied representative to be attached to the Turkish Ministry of Supplies, in order to safeguard allied interests; this representative to be furnished with all aid necessary for this purpose.

Twenty-second-Turkish prisoners are to be kept at the disposal of the allied powers. The release of Turkish civilian prisoners and prisoners over military age to be considered.

Twenty-third-An obligation on the part of Turkey to cease all relations with the Central Powers.

Twenty-fourth-In case of disorder in the six Armenian vilayets, the Allies reserve to themselves the right to occupy any part of them.

Twenty-fifth-Hostilities between the Allies and Turkey shall cease from noon, local time, Thursday, the 31st of October, 1918.

An additional clause, made public two days later, dealt with the Russian region of the Caucasus, as follows:

Allied control officers are to be placed on all railways, including such portions of the Transcaucasian railways as are now under Turkish control; these must be placed at the free and complete disposal of the allied authorities, due consideration being given to the needs of the population. This clause is to include the allied occupation of Batum. Turkey will raise no objection to the occupation of Baku by the Allies.

Italy's glorious victory over the Austro-Hungarian armies was the direct cause of the Austrian surrender and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. General von Weber headed the Austrian delegation which on October 31st went to the headquarters of General Diaz commanding the Italian forces and asked the conditions on which an armistice would be granted. As a result of that mission, the terms of the armistice were presented to the Austrians and signed by them on November 3d, taking effect at 3 P. M., November 4th. Emperor Charles V followed the armistice by resigning his imperial throne on November 11th.

THE AUSTRIAN ARMISTICE

As a result of the pourparlers the following armistice was signed by General Diaz on Nov. 3, to go into effect at three o'clock, Nov. 4th:

Military Conditions

One-The immediate cessation of hostilities by land, by sea, and by air. Two-Total demobilization of the Austro-Hungarian army and immediate withdrawal of all Austro-Hungarian forces operating on the front from the North Sea to Switzerland.

Within Austro-Hungarian territory, limited as in Clause Three, below, there shall only be maintained as an organized military force a body reduced to pre-war effectiveness.

Half the divisional, corps, and army artillery and equipment shall be collected at points to be indicated by the Allies and United States of America for delivery to them, beginning with all such material as exists in the territories to be evacuated by the Austro-Hungarian forces.