Lectures in Astrobiology, المجلد 1

a-amino abundance accretion ice activity amino acids Archaean asteroids atmosphere atoms bacteria basalt biological Biosphere carbon carbonaceous carbonaceous chondrites cell Chem chemical chiral chondrites CO₂H cometary comets composition compounds containing continental crust convection core crystals density detected disk dust early Earth enantiomeric excesses enantiomers energy environment Eukaryotes Evol evolution extremophiles formation formed Forterre genes genomes glacier Hadean heat flux homochirality hydrogen hydrothermal hyperthermophiles Icarus impact interstellar irradiation isotopic Lake Vostok layer liquid water lithosphere magma mantle Mars mass melting meteorites mineral molecular nebula nucleotides nucleus observed oceanic crust orbit organic molecules origin oxygen particles peptides phylogenetic phylogeny planetary planetesimals planets plate tectonics present primitive Earth produced proteins racemic radiation ratio reaction rocks samples Science sediments sequence simulations Solar System species stars structure subduction surface synthesis Tauri stars temperature terrestrial thermal tion volcanic X-ray zircons